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Introduction
They brought with them their set of ancient symbols known as the Runes. Originally, there were 24 Runes and they are collectively known as "the Futhark".
People used them in several different ways:
- For writing messages, inscriptions and epitaphs
- As amulets and charms
- As an Oracle for use in divination (fortune-telling)
- For rituals, magic and spells.
The runes all have names that were significant to the ancient Anglo-Saxon pagans who used them. Some were named for gods, like Ing and Tiw; some for animals and plants such as the Ox or a Birch twig; some for natural features - a lake, or hail; some for everyday objects that they used e.g. a carriage and an archer's bow; and some for timeless concepts such as joy, a gift, and humanity.
The rune meanings are augmented by further interpretations for upright, reverse and converse presentation, and all these meanings and interpretations are detailed in the following pages.
The runes are traditionally associated with gemstones or crystals, trees, plants or herbs, colors, and the elements. Sometimes these associations are pretty obvious.
For example Berkanan, The Rune of Growth and Fertility is associated with the fast-growing birch tree, it's color is dark green as are birch leaves, and it's element is Earth from which the tree springs.
Less obvious is the herbal association with Lady's Mantle or Dewcup (Alchemilla vulgaris). But a good Herbal will tell you that Lady's Mantle is also known as "a woman's best friend" because it regulates periods and clears inflammations of the female organs. What better association for the rune of growth and fertility?
And the association with Moonstone (also known as Wolf's Eye, Fish's Eye or Water Opal) .is due to the gem's ability to promote growth and maintain a high energy level in it's user.
The Futhark (or Futhorc)
How did this name come about? Same way as the name alphabet came about, I guess. The word alphabet is made up of the first two letters in the Greek alphabet, Alpha and Beta. Those were the Greek names for A and B. I guess everybody knows that.
So naming the rune set follows the same principle. We take the first six runes Fehu, Uruz, Thurisaz, Ansuz, Raido and Kauno - put the sounds they represent together, and they make the word Futhark. (The Th sound is represented by just one rune, Thurisaz.)
It was recently discovered an 8th Century brooch, which is a good example of these six rune Futhark inscription used as a magic formula.
Why are these the first six runes? Nobody knows. You might just as well ask why did the Greeks decide to have Alpha and Beta as their first two letters? Why didn't they choose Omega and Delta? I don't suppose anyone knows the answer to that, either.
The fact remains that the ancients most frequently wrote the rune set in the order I have put them in, with Fehu, Uruz, Thurisaz, Ansuz, Raido and Kauno as the first six.
There are many examples of this on rune relics and monuments. Writing the full Futhark on large objects was used as a magic formula for invoking rune power. On smaller items like jewelry and tools there wasn't room for the full Futhark, so the first six letters were inscribed instead.
The specialists are often asked to translate runes into modern letters, which isn't as easy as you might think. The Anglo-Saxons (and we're talking here about the people who lived in Eastern Britain from 400-1000 AD) didn't use the same sounds we do today. They had some we don't use, and we have some that they didn't have. In any case, here is a table giving an aproximate rendering of the letter equivalents:
Casting the Runes
Relax as much as possible and try to focus your mind on the subject of the consultation before casting. If there are others present, they should be in accord with your thoughts and aspirations for the cast; confusing answers will result if two minds are on two different matters.
Familiarity is an important factor to the Runes. They will be more responsive when handled by a single person, when kept in the same place, and when cast in the same manner.
It is quite acceptable to enter into the Cast with no further preamble, though many prefer some formal ritual to assist them (and the Runes) in achieving the fine focus required for best results. An invocation or short prayer would be appropriate.
Anglo-Saxon Gods such as Odin, Freya, Tiw, Ing, Loki may be app-ropriate to your needs - but you are warned against invoking Thor the god of thunder, who has a habit of being vengeful and unforgiving.
For initial guidance, the early Norse and Anglo-Saxon gods are detailed briefly in the Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, available in most library reference sections.
The Field 
The field on which you cast the Runes represents the world in which you live.
To the Right represents the past.
To the Left - the future.
When reading horizontally (right-to-left), the central area represents the present.
On the vertical axis, closest to you (Near) represents the issue.
Furthest from you (Far) represents the outcome.
The central area when read in this direction represents your need, your actions and the challenges which may effect them.
Take the Runes from the box and place them unseen in the bag. Swirl the runes around in the bag gently with your writing hand, and let a Rune fall naturally into your fingers. Feel it and sense whether it is the right one to draw.
Draw the runes one at a time and place them on the field. Never turn the runes - place them exactly as they come to hand on the field. Whether they are upright or reversed (i.e. upside down or right way up), and whether they appear converse or obverse (i.e. face down or face up) may make a difference to the meaning.
When placing the Runes on the field always work from Right to Left, then from Near to Far.
If placing a three Rune cast you would lay Right, Centre, then Left.
If placing a five Rune cast you would lay Right, Centre, Left, Near, Far.
And if placing a six Rune cast you would lay Right, Near Centre, Left, Near, Far Centre, Far.
Odin's Rune
For an overview of an entire situation, state the issue aloud and draw a single Rune. The Rune drawn will encompass the entire matter from past to future, actions and outcome. This is particularly useful with a very critical matter for which you seek instant guidance.
The Three Rune Cast
With the issue stated aloud, draw three runes and place them Right, Centre and Left.
The first Rune (Right) speaks of the situation as it now is.
The second (Centre) suggests the course of action called for.
And the third Rune (Left) foretells the outcome which will result from that action.
Alternatively, if you are seeking to remove an obstacle from your life or your progress, you may read the Runes:
Right - myself at present
Centre - the challenge or obstacle
And Left - the best possible outcome if I am able to overcome the obstacle.
As to the matter of how to remove the obstacle for a satisfactory outcome - a supplementary cast of Odin's Rune may provide the answer.
The Runic Cross
This is a six Rune cast which will give you an in-depth analysis of an issue. It is similar to the classic Tarot layout, but who knows which came first?
My intuition tells me the Runes follow the form of the Celtic Cross which was a common motif in Northern Europe even in pre-Christian times. Tarot is reputed to originate in ancient Egypt, but there is no evidence to link this to Bronze Age Europe. Most probably the two similar methods developed independently.
State the issue and draw six Runes in the manner stated above. Cast them Right, Near Centre, Left, Near, Far Centre, Far.
The Right Rune represents the past, the situation which has brought this issue to exist.
The Near Centre Rune represents you now and the Left is what lies ahead of you.
The Near Rune (known as the Foundation) gives the underlying basis of the issue, often subconscious or unrecognised reasons why the position has arisen.
The Far Centre (known as the Challenge) represents the nature of the obstacles or blockages which you wish to overcome.
The Far Rune (known as the Outcome) foretells the best outcome you can anticipate if overcoming the challenge.
The Quest for Truth Cast
This cast will give the most detailed analysis of personal destiny. It must be undertaken by an experienced Runemaster or Runemistress on behalf of the questioner (The Querent).
The cast requires the selection of nine Runes: one by the Runemaster, the other eight by the Querent.
The Runemaster/Runemistress should spend some time in conversation and company with the Querent to get a feel for the person and the subject.
Then the Runemaster or Runemistress will select a single Rune in the usual way which will represent the Querent. The Querent will then be passed the Runebag and select eight more Runes, one by one and lay them in a three-by-three square to the pattern shown in the diagram opposite.
The bottom right Rune (drawn by the Runemaster/mistress) representing the Querent is known as the significator.
The second Rune reveals the inner self and cast middle row right.
The third Rune is cast top row right and deals with the goals or ideals of the Querent.
The fourth Rune is cast top row middle to represent the past.
The fifth Rune is cast at the centre of the square and tells of family matters.
The sixth Rune is cast bottom row middle and deals with the Querent's health.
The seventh Rune is cast bottom row left and speaks of religious matters.
The eighth Rune is cast middle row left and represents the Querent's friends.
The final Rune is cast top row left and reveals the final outcome of the matter.
The Three Lifetimes Cast
This cast is dedicated to reincarnation, and should not be practised lightly. It gives a three level insight into your journey through this life, your previous existence, and any future incarnation you may expect. If practising this cast, one should be aware that not everyone will experience reincarnation, and it is perhaps better not to know.
I have found this to give startling results often invoking long-forgotten memories and giving the querent some discomfiture - even nightmares - for weeks afterwards.
Speak the issue and draw five Runes in the same manner as before. Cast them Right, Centre, Left, Near, Far.
Right represents your birth and childhood and will point out your talents, attributes and shortcomings.
Centre represents your present life and will indicate actions you must take to improve your present life and thus deserve another.
Left shows what your future in this life holds for you if you follow the advice given.
Near gives an indication of your past life, it's character and your behaviour.
And finally, Far gives an indication of:
a) Whether you will reincarnate and
b) if so, what kind of person you will be.
Bindrunes
Bindrunes can only be used to help people, not to harm them. Any attempt to place a curse, prevent a person doing something, or to make something nasty happen to them will inevitably backfire on the user. Don' try it, it isn't worth it, believe me.
Although a bindrune is a blending of runic characters, each rune included in the design has to retain its own individuality, it has to be visible as an entity within the whole I find it is best to limit the design to no more than five characters so that it can still be symmetrical, balanced and pleasing to the eye.
There are exceptions to this rule, however. Some very ancient and highly effective bindrunes incorporate 6, 7 or even 8 different runes. But generally speaking, the simpler the design, then the more effective the bindrune will be.
Bindrunes are devised for specific purposes. They can generate mental activity such as memory, logic, emotion, enlightenment, strength of will, courage, fairness, clarity of thought. They can aid physical actions too, such as health, strength, speed, endurance, and all the 5 senses.
Bindrunes can produce a runic field of energy to protect your person, your home or possessions, your job or your business good-will, and they can enhance relationships by encouraging harmony, partnership, love or sexual attraction.
You could easily draw a bindrune on a piece of paper, wood, stone or anything and carry it with you hoping that it will have some effect. But the unempowered bindrune will be so weak that you would probably not notice any difference.
For a bindrune to work effectively it must be empowered (some runemasters refer to this process as consecration) in the correct way.
There is a very ancient secret ritual for naming and empowering the individual runes. This involves a special environment, chanted invocations in the old tongue, and the use of certain natural accessories.
When the bindrune is complete it is then sequestered in a secret place for a period under special conditions. The place is a ley cross - a point of very high earth energy where two positive leylines cross each other.
For the sequesterment, the bindrune must be preserved in a particular way and hidden according to ancient rules for a set length of time that is determined by the component runes and the purpose of the bindrune itself.
Once the bindrune is released from sequesterment, the imbued power is awakened and invoked on behalf of the user.
Practical bindrunes - these are used as talismans with a particular objective such as improved health, business or financial success, harmony with a partner, love from a special person, help with weight loss, personal protection, safety and security of your home and personal possessions, etc.
Personal bindrunes - these are amulets where the bindrune is compiled from your personal initials to form a kind of runic monogram. They are used to reinforce one's personality and emphasize the positive qualities of the psyche.
This bindrune includes Kauno, Jera and Tiwaz, representing the initials CJT.
